1. Mackay's work is cited by such representative historians as Soergel, Eloesser, Bithell, Meyer, Salzer, Engel,and Oehlke. Owing to the fact that Mackay covered his life with secrecy and published his later -works himself (several under a pseudonym), these historians know little about him, and often that little is inaccurate. Professor Karl Viëtor, of Harvard University. first called my attention to this mysterious figure in German literature.

2. Mackay was brought up by his German mother and a German foster-father in Saarbrucken. His own father, a Scot, died when the baby was two years old.

3. Eighty of these letters were hidden away in the Labadie Collection of the University of Michigan; two hundred were found in a farmhouse in back-country Pennsylvania; and a half dozen turned up in Baltimore. The letters were made available to me by the kindness of Miss Agnes Inglis, of the University of Michigan; Mrs. Pearl Johnson Tucker, widow of Benjamin R. Tucker; and Mr. H.L. Mencken.

4. Cf. Charles A. Madison, "Benjamin Tucker, Anarchist," in The New England Quarterly, XVI, 444-467 (September, 1943), and the autobiographical sketch in Ermanie Sachs, The Terrible Siren: Virginia Woodhill (New York, 1926).

5. Cf. Eunice Schuster, Native American Anarchism: A Study of Left-wing .America Individualism (Northampton, 1932).

6. Max Halbe, Gabriele Reuter, Rudolph Steiner, Stanislaus Przybyszewski, and Bruno Wille.

7. Jahrhundertwende, Geschichte meines Lebens (Danzig, 1935). 44. All translations of passages from the German in this essay were made by the writer.

8. The best summary of Tucker's theories may be found in State Socialism and Anarchism. Cf. his Instead of a Book, by a man too Busy to Write One: A Fragmentary Exposition of Philosophical Anarchism (New York, 1893).

9. Rudolf Rocker, Johann Most: Das Leben eines Rebellen (Berlin, 1924), 375.

10. The Mackay correspondence at the University of Michigan Library is almost all addressed to George Schumm. It runs from 1891 to 1933. Schumm, Tucker, and Mackay remained close friends all their lives.

11. Letter from Mackay to Schumm, November 14, 1891.

12. Johann Most, 383.

13. See. for instance, Rudolf Steiner, Mein Lebensgang (Dornach, 1925), 260.

14. Magazin für Litteratur, September 30, 1898.

15. See the articles on Anarchism in the Encyclopaedia Britannica and on Max Stirner in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, or in The Arnericana.

16. See Liberty, Tucker's anarchist journal, May 7, June 22, March 12, March 16, and August 27, 1887. This was before Tucker knew Mackay, and before Mackay had heard of Max Stirner.

17. "Are Anarchists Thugs?" November 27, 1898

18. Schuster, 155.

19. Werke in einem Band, 1159.

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